Core assumptions underlying the realist approach to international relations

    In contrast to the liberals who use the term ‘World Order’ for international relations, realists use the term ‘International Order’. The world view of realists is distinctly identifiable   by their primacy to state in international relations. To realists, state is not the main actor but the only significant actor.

    Realists believe that state being a sovereign entity acts independently and autonomously irrespective of other factors. Non-state actors such as international institutions, Multi-National Corporations, religious denominations are not given much consideration.

    Realists believe that the international system is anarchic where each nation has to help itself. Each nation has to look after its own security priorities. The absence of a hierarchical pattern or a higher authority nurtures fear, jealousy, suspicion and insecurity. This also prevents co-operation and conflict resolution.

    Realists take a rather pessimistic view about international politics. They believe that the human nature is reflected in the international system. Realists believe that human nature is power seeking. This results in the endless struggle for power in international arena.

    Realists believe in power politics. Realists hold the view that the world pays attention only to the “Voice of Power” and not to “Power of Voice”. They place huge emphasis on the role of great power states in shaping the international order.

    Realists believe that all nations act in their national interest. National interest has been the primary justification of any state for its action. Realists have classified ‘security of the state’ as ‘high politics’ and welfare, economic development and prosperity as ‘low Politics’. Henry Kissinger stated that, “a nation’s survival is its first and ultimate responsibility; it cannot be compromised as put at risk”.

    Realists believe that national power can only help secure national interest. They view that in a self-help world power is the only means to achieve what the nation wants. They believe that power being relative fuels insecurities and create a security dilemma. Realists suggest building alliances and maintain Balance of power.

    Realists have come to strongly support nuclear deference, a modern application of balance of power. The acquisition of nuclear weapon status has been viewed as an attempt to gain parity with developed nations.

    Realists believe that ends justify the means. They believe that the actions should be judged on the basic of the end result rather than individual actions. Realists subordinate principles to policies.

    Realists have been very successful in tracing the causes of conflict and competition but sometimes overlook cooperation. They have kept check of the idealistic strand of thinking. Realists claim that they view the international order ‘as it is’ rather than ‘as it ought to be’. Realists world view  is dominated by state sovereignty, power politics, pursuit of national interest, collective security, Balance of power and role of great power.